今天是2024年05月02日
Ten No. 1 central document, new height of rural water supply
The heavy No. 1 central document has brought the policy package to the masses of peasants.
The first document is only a serial number. But for 18 years, it focuses on the "three rural issues" in the form of No. 1 central document. It shows the Central Committee's high regard for the "three rural issues" and the deep concern for the farmers' brothers. If the nation wants to revive, the countryside must be revitalized. In order to realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, solve the problem of imbalance and inadequacy in urban and rural development, smooth the urban and rural economic cycle, and cope with various risks and challenges at home and abroad, "agriculture, rural areas and farmers" are the basic disk, ballast, pressurizer and strategic backyard.
Among them, the problem of rural water supply is related to the most basic living conditions of the broad masses of farmers and the development space of rural industry, which is a very important prerequisite for Rural Revitalization. Naturally, the No. 1 central document will focus on the integration of rural drinking water and urban and rural water supply and related work arrangements. It is clear that our country has a high degree of importance for the safety of drinking water in rural areas. According to the changes of the contents of No. 1 central document, we can see the overall progress and development of drinking water in rural areas in different stages.
Table. Requirements for rural water supply in No. 1 central document in recent ten years
At the beginning of the 12th Five Year Plan, China has put forward high expectations for rural water supply. No matter the construction of centralized water supply projects in rural areas, or the operation and management mechanism of rural drinking water safety projects, or the corresponding land use policies and preferential tax policies, the No. 1 central document has put forward a clearer guiding ideology. Throughout the "Eleventh Five Year Plan" and "Twelfth Five Year Plan" period, China has solved the drinking water problem of more than 520 million rural population, and the long-standing problem of drinking water insecurity in rural areas has been basically solved.
During the 13th Five Year Plan period, the central government decided to implement the rural drinking water safety consolidation and improvement project, carry out supporting, transformation, upgrading and networking for the existing projects, improve the project management system and operation mechanism, and further improve the rural centralized water supply rate, tap water popularization rate, water quality compliance rate and water supply guarantee rate. One of the important nodes is that in 2017, the report of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China clearly put forward the requirements of implementing the Rural Revitalization Strategy, strengthening the overall development of urban and rural areas, and accelerating the equalization of urban and rural basic public services.
Since then, from 2018 to 2020, the central government has paid more attention to rural water supply and the integration of urban and rural water supply. In 2018, the Ministry of water resources, the Poverty Alleviation Office of the State Council and the National Health Commission jointly issued the notice on firmly winning the battle of rural drinking water safety out of poverty, which answered the relationship between rural drinking water safety and winning the battle of poverty, and put forward clear requirements for winning the battle of rural drinking water safety out of poverty. In 2019, Premier Li Keqiang pointed out in the government work report that "the level of water supply security for 60 million rural people will be improved this year and next year", speeding up the pace of making up for the shortcomings of rural water supply projects.
By 2020, the No. 1 central document issued the "raising the level of rural water supply protection" separately, as one of the 30 key tasks. On the one hand, it put forward the requirement of comprehensively completing the project of rural drinking water safety consolidation, and stressed again that the conditions of the region should promote the integration of urban and rural water supply; on the other hand, it indicated that the central government would increase its financial strength in the rural water conservancy project. In terms of maintenance, some economically underdeveloped areas will be subsidized.
The No. 1 central document in 2021 is not only aimed at this year's task book, but also the "road map" aiming at "14th Five-Year" and covering the next five years. It has put forward a goal of "achieving 88% rural tap water penetration rate by 2025"; it has focused on three points: "water source engineering construction and water source protection, large-scale water supply engineering construction and small-scale engineering standardization transformation, rural water price and water fee formation mechanism and long-term project operation mechanism"; as for "promoting the integration of urban and rural water supply where conditions permit", it has been emphasized for the third consecutive year .
The promulgation of the No.1 document this year has undoubtedly set off a small upsurge for the rural market and attracted many attention. There are many articles describing the grand blueprint of 100 billion and trillion market space. However, when we see the huge blue ocean, we should first make full analysis and prediction, distinguish the true and false demand, identify the potential risks, evaluate the input and output, and guard against being involved in a sea full of whirlpool.
Cold thinking 1. The regional development is unbalanced and the scale level is not high
According to the official data, the rural water supply penetration rates in China in recent three years were 81%, 82% and 83% respectively, which increased steadily at the rate of 1% every year. According to this trend, the goal of 88% at the end of the 14th five year plan is scientific, reasonable and feasible, and there is basically no problem. However, the current situation is that the water supply penetration rate of each province is not small, and the regional development is unbalanced.
From another point of view, although the data of rural water supply penetration rate is not bad, most rural water supply projects in China are less than 1000 people and scattered, and the proportion of large-scale population in rural water supply projects is very low. Zhang Hansong, director of the rural drinking water safety center of the Ministry of water resources, once pointed out that different provinces can be divided into three echelons according to the proportion of large-scale rural water supply population in China
The first echelon, Jiangsu, has the highest proportion of large-scale rural water supply population, reaching 99.4%, basically realizing the integration of urban and rural water supply.
In the second echelon, such as Anhui, Xinjiang, Zhejiang and Hubei, the proportion of large-scale rural water supply population is more than 70%.
In the third echelon, such as Tibet, Northeast China and southwest China, the proportion of large-scale rural water supply population is relatively low. In these areas, a large number of rural water supply projects are small and medium-sized projects or decentralized projects.
Therefore, for rural water supply, the unfinished surplus, the competition pattern of industrial subjects, the market space to be explored, the payment ability of users, the financial strength and credit level of local governments are not the same in each province, resulting in the difficulty and risk level of social capital entry. We have a chance to talk about the specific situation in the East, the middle and the west, the demand, the mode of development, and which provinces are more beneficial to which types of water enterprises.
Cold thinking 2: water charge collection of "sticking neck"
In the past year, there was a very popular word, which was called "neck sticking".
The key lies in the difficulty of "water supply fee collection in rural areas".
First of all, the pricing calculation of some rural water supply projects is very challenging. Because of the complex topography of rural areas, the cost of water supply in plains and mountainous areas in the same area may vary greatly. For the consideration of "the same price" in the scope of water supply services, the operator needs to calculate the water price from the overall perspective.
Secondly, it is also very difficult to collect water charges for rural water supply projects. According to the survey conducted by the Ministry of water resources in 2019, many projects do not charge water fees, some of which are lower than the operation cost of the project, and the average water fee collection rate of the charged projects is only 77%. The difficulty of collecting water fee will make the operation and maintenance of rural water supply project fall into a vicious circle. Due to the failure of transportation and management units to collect sufficient water charges and inadequate financial subsidies, many water supply projects are short of operation and management funds for a long time, and the maintenance, renewal and transformation of facilities and equipment or pipe network are not timely after they are damaged, which directly affects the water safety of rural residents. It is precisely because of the lack of necessary operation and management funds that the rural water supply projects are "unattended", "unable to manage" or "unable to manage", and the economic benefits of rural water supply projects are not brought into play. Therefore, insufficient collection of water charges is the core problem of management and maintenance.
On the one hand, some rural residents are not willing to use tap water because they are accustomed to using well water, spring water, river water, mountain stream water and pond water directly for a long time, so they have a weak awareness of paying water charges; on the other hand, the collection of water charges is closely related to the construction, management and protection of rural water supply facilities. If the construction and management situation is not good, rural residents do not have access to safe and clean tap water, and do not enjoy convenient and high-quality water supply services, they are even less willing to pay water charges. For example, the results of an unannounced visit by Zhejiang water resources department in March 2020 showed that the management and construction of rural water supply projects in counties with a water fee collection rate of less than 70% are often poor.
3. Construction funds are in short supply and social capital is cautious
From the beginning of construction, the rural water supply project is very short of funds.
Rural people live scattered, must lay long-distance pipe network, coupled with the complex topography of rural areas, making the construction of rural water supply project difficult, usually requires a lot of capital investment. In the investment and financing mode of rural water supply, the investment mode dominated by government finance can be divided into two categories, one is the central, provincial, municipal and county-level financial funds, the other is the special funds of different central ministries and commissions (such as the Ministry of water resources and the Ministry of Finance).
At present, the special support funds for rural water supply are insufficient or not in place, and the water price is difficult to achieve "break even and meager profit". The project construction and operation management and protection funds mainly rely on the central and provincial financial support, the city and county financial funds provide supporting facilities, and the beneficiaries pay and participate in the enterprise investment. With the evolution of the division of powers between the central and local governments, the proportion of central investment funds has decreased, and the number of local supporting facilities has increased. At present, because the growth rate of fiscal revenue continues to fall, it is difficult to carry out construction mainly relying on fiscal funds; at the same time, due to the strong supervision of the state on the financing platform and local debt, many local financing ability is weak, so it is urgent to innovate the investment and financing mechanism to solve the problem of financing.
Compared with urban water supply, the maturity of the price mechanism and the intensity of user payment of rural water supply are weaker, the difficulty of project management is more complex, and the return on investment profit is not very clear. Therefore, rural water supply projects have higher requirements on the risk control ability of social capital, and social capital will take a more cautious attitude. So, how to better stimulate the vitality of rural water supply market, attract social capital, and form a win-win development trend is an important issue to be explored.
In order to promote the long-term healthy development of rural water supply in the future, we need some "cold thinking", but also need to turn "cold thinking" into "hot action", and actively seek solutions.
Heat as 1 "build large, combine medium, reduce", improve the scale level of rural water supply
Through decades of efforts, the proportion of rural drinking water safety population in China has increased year by year, and rural water supply system with a certain scale has been initially established in various places. However, due to the large number of rural water supply projects in China, the number of water supply projects with less than 1000 people accounts for more than 99%. According to the data of the Ministry of water resources, by the end of 2019, there are only 18300 urban pipe network extension projects with a population of 1000 tons and a population of only 51% of the total water supply population. In addition, most of the projects are small and medium-sized projects and decentralized water supply projects. Most of these small water supply projects are located in mountainous areas, pastoral areas and remote areas, with small water supply population, poor project quality, low water fee income, imperfect management and protection mechanism, and local financial difficulties, resulting in some water supply projects can only operate at low standards and poor sustainability. Then, after solving the problem of "from scratch" of rural water supply in the past, we will focus on "consolidation and improvement, from existing to excellent", so as to improve the scale level of rural water supply projects and increase the stability of water quality.
For different landforms, different water resources endowment, different water use characteristics, different economic conditions, the current situation of rural water supply is very different. Therefore, for the complex and changeable rural water supply problems, it is necessary to implement policies by classification, or even one policy for each district.
In suburban areas, plain areas and densely populated areas, we should promote the integration of urban and rural water supply and the large-scale construction of rural water supply, so as to realize the same standard, guarantee and service of rural water supply and urban water supply.
In areas with relatively concentrated population, according to the principle of "building large, merging medium and reducing", actively promote the construction of large-scale water supply projects with more than 10000 people, and strive to continuously increase the proportion of water supply population in 10000 people projects and urban pipe network extension projects.
In rural areas which are far away from urban waterworks, the scope of water supply should be reasonably determined based on the comprehensive consideration of water resources conditions and population density, and a number of large-scale interconnected projects across villages and towns should be built to replace small centralized water supply projects and decentralized water supply projects, forming a large Waterworks layout of "multi village and one plant". Lishui City, Zhejiang Province, once planned to control the population scale of single village water supply project to less than 44% by this way of connecting villages to the grid in 2020.
In view of the decentralized water supply project which is located in remote mountainous areas, scattered villages and sparsely populated, and can not achieve large-scale development, this paper puts forward the standardized upgrading and transformation scheme according to local conditions, so as to solve the problems of backward purification and disinfection facilities of some small-scale rural water plants, aging of water transmission and distribution network, which affect the normal play of project benefits.
As the overall planning resource, heat should establish the regional water quality testing center
Because the rural drinking water projects are very scattered and the ability of water quality detection is relatively weak, the new water quality detection centers will lead to high cost and waste of resources, and do not have the practical operation conditions. If we can rely on the large-scale water quality laboratory or water quality testing institutions, water supply management institutions, and gradually establish a regional water quality testing center, it can not only meet the needs of conventional water quality testing of rural water supply projects in the region, but also help to solve the problems of high cost and lack of professional testing personnel of water quality laboratory in small and medium-sized water plants in rural areas To reduce the cost of water quality testing, expand the coverage, and enhance the ability of water quality testing in rural drinking water projects.
For example, there are 17 drinking water sources and 21 rural water supply plants in Binzhou City, Shandong Province, with a daily water supply of about 500000 tons. However, due to the lack of hardware facilities and technical strength of water quality detection in water supply units, water quality monitoring and detection has always been a short board of water quality assurance. To this end, Binzhou Water Conservancy Bureau to strengthen the supervision of water quality testing as the focus, established the urban and rural public water supply quality testing center, become the navigator of urban and rural water quality improvement.
At present, the supervision mode of "monthly self inspection of water supply enterprises and quarterly sampling inspection of water conservancy departments" has been gradually formed in Binzhou City. Improve the quality of raw water and terminal water according to the results of monthly inspection. Binzhou Water Conservancy Bureau entrusts the testing center to carry out water quality sampling inspection in the form of government purchasing services. The monthly inspection of more than 20 water supply plants in the city can be completed within 2-3 weeks from sampling to issuing the inspection report. Centralized sampling and inspection greatly saves the inspection cost, improves the work efficiency, and effectively ensures the safety of rural water supply quality.
"Basic + quota + full cost" as 3 innovative water price mechanism
In terms of innovative water price mechanism, Chongqing Bishan District, on the basis of "two-part system" water price and "stepped water price", has carried out superposition and refinement. The rural water users are implemented with "basic water cost + fixed water cost + total cost water cost". Through the innovation of water cost structure, the scientificity of payment and the acceptance of users are greatly improved, and the villagers can be better guided to save water.
In the past, the cost of rural water supply was up to 8-10 yuan / ton due to the scattered main body of rural water supply, the long-term disrepair of the pipe network and the different charging standards in the area, which led to the water supply in some places, but the villagers abandoned it. Due to the lack of supervision mechanism for management and protection, Sanxing village, Laifeng street, has the highest water supply cost of 60 yuan / ton in 2018-2019, which leads to the water supply has been connected to the people's homes, but the villagers abandon it instead of using it, and then return to the field corner to pick up water for drinking. In view of this problem, Bishan District effectively reduces the price of rural water supply through the following measures.
First, the responsibility of water supply enterprises should be compacted. The village water supply company actively transfers 20% of the leakage of rural water supply, collects the water fee after the total table according to 80% of the actual water sold, and undertakes the daily operation and maintenance of the rural water supply project in the whole area.
Second, the unified pricing of water costs. The basic water cost + quota water fee + total cost water fee shall be implemented for rural water users. It is clear that the basic water cost is 2 yuan / quarter, and the water consumption quota within 2 tons per month is charged at 3.1 yuan / ton for the water supply in government towns, and the total cost for those exceeding the quota (currently, the maximum is 3.8-4 yuan / ton). The basic water cost is used to make up for the maintenance of rural water supply facilities. The total cost of water cost is conducive to preventing waste and promoting the people to save water. After the reform, the water price of villagers has been reduced to 3.2 yuan / ton.
Third, increase financial subsidies. The district finance budget is 8million yuan per year to subsidize rural water supply, of which 4million yuan is the water price subsidy of "same price with the same network" (the actual leakage rate drops to less than 20%, and the government does not need subsidy), and 4million yuan is the salary subsidy for maintenance fund and water management personnel. After the reform, the water price dropped to 3.2 yuan / ton, 100% of the water fee was paid in arrears in history, and the collection rate of water fee reached 100%.
Of course, the smooth of water cost can not be separated from the strengthening of the operation and protection mode of the whole water supply system, and the improvement of incentive mechanism and supervision mechanism. This innovative water price model can not only be implemented in rural water supply field, but also in suitable urban water supply areas in the future?
Conclusion:
To solve the problem of rural water supply, we need professional leading, forward-looking, both cold thinking and hot as partners. E20 water supply research center is willing to work with you to deeply understand the needs and pain points in the field of rural water supply, understand the future development trend and direction of rural water supply, and promote the healthy and benign development of rural water supply.
